Task 13 – Manipulating Time and Space

Manipulating time and space

Editing  'effect' are really important part of film making. They allow a film maker to very effectively manipulate of diegetic time and pace. For example; to show that a time period has changed in a flashback/forward. To show a location is different. To show that the time is moving quicker or slower than normal. An effect can be something really simple such as using a colour filter. It could be altering the saturation of an image to either enhance the colour or remove it. Making an image black and white is often used for flashback. There are many different effect that can be added in the post production stage. one common techniques is alter the speed of the footage. A film which uses this technique is The time machine. The time traveller enters the time machine and the environment changes as the travels through time. A more modern version of this effect is seen in the third of the Harry Potter film. The sequence using layering and altering the speed of the image.

Our created peace

In our film video we were able to use fade and dissolves to help create an effect of manipulating diegetic time and space. The purpose of dissolve is to create an idea that all characters are having a flashback of previous experience remembering how a close friend of his stole the girl he loved. Through the use of dissolve, the audience knew what was going on. In this film sequence we see how a character murdered his friend due to jealousy and hatred of his friend, stealing the girl he once loved. We were able to use a green screen and edited it to make it seem like a real news background and settings. In this film clip we see how his a character got murdered by his friend. It was like an episode and this clip showed the ending of the episode as we see that the character who stole the girl was being murdered.  

Task 12– Transitions and Effects

Style of Editing
The movement from one shot to the next is called a transition. Different transitions suggest different ideas to the audience. It is therefore really important to choose the right one.
Straight cut
A straight cut is the most common and invisible form of transition. one shot moves instantaneously to the next without attracting the audience's attention. Straight cuts help to retain reality. They are used in continuity editing as they do not break the viewers suspension of disbelief.
Dissolves
A dissolve fades one shot off the screen while another shot is fading in. The audience will be able to see both shots at the mid-point of the shot. Dissolves suggest that the shots are connected in some way. It might be two characters, places or objects. It might suggest that some time has passed between the two shots.




Fades
A fade is a bit like a dissolve but instead of dissolving one shot into another. A fade is gradual darkening or lightening of an image until the screen becomes black or white. A fade indicates the start or end of a particular section of time within the narrative.
Wipes
A wipe is quite an unusual transition. It is when one image is pushed off the screen by another. Images can be pushed in any direction but it is more common for the image to be pushed off the left-hand side. This movement is more consistent with the sense of time moving forward. A wipe signals is audience that they are being shown different locations that are experiencing the same time. A visual equivalent of saying 'meanwhile'.

Graphic match
A graphic match is a very specialized type of transition. it is not something an editor adds between two shots but more a decision about which two shots to put next to each other. It tells the audience that there is a very important link between whatever it is they are seeing in the two shots.

However, we there are effects and we can add colours or filter for the audience to get a different sense or different time zone and the graphic can link with the clip. For example ‘The Wizard of Oz’ we see when the hurricane hit Kansas and then Dorothy woke up and we see instantly that the colour changed this was done in order to show a change of time in the scene. Furthermore, when using time and speed, this is when a film clip is speed up to represent a big change of speed and time. For example the film ‘Time Machine’, this technique was used which will include having to film two of the same shot for it to represent the sun moving after period of time.

Task 11- Creating Pace with Cross Cutting

Our Created Piece of Cross-Cutting

In our video we created a film clip with cross cutting and through the uses of music in the background. The video starts up with a fast tempo speed, showing two character playing basketball at first and then ending up in being a normal speed and making the viewers not knowing what will happen in the film clip. In the clip we see that the film editing  get faster and shows how both character are in a party scene, which show the viewers that the character were having a great time or partying. However we see how there become a fast change in the clips due to one friend stealing his girl friend, the use of grey colour showed the viewer that what was going on wasn’t good. Furthermore, we use romantic colour and music when the two couple were walking, this showed the viewers that what was going on was good. The music showed a different pace because the music was slow. Additionally, we used a side shot when both couples were talking and showed each individual face while they were talking which showed the viewer that both couple were talking to each other, which didn’t not confuse the viewer. We didn’t show the ending of what will happen at the end because it allowed the viewers to be more curious and made them want to watch more and we wanted them to watch the ending in our other film clip we create.

Task 10 – Understanding Pace

speed of editing 
In a film each scene may last a matter of seconds, or it could continue for minutes but the length of each sequence establish the pace of the film moving the action along. The speed of editing will help to determine the mood of what is taking place on screen.
If the audience is to feel anxiety and suspense the editing will be quick- the scenes/shots changing frequently. For example in an action sequence. For example 'The Bourne Ultimatum'.

Creating Pace
If a relaxed mood is desired, the scenes last longer and changes less frequently. For example in a romantic comedy 'The Notebook'.

Speed of Editing 
Nevertheless a film need not have any editing. The film Russian Ark was filmed in one take using a steadicam and a digital camera. This required split-second timing and organisation.

 A trailer for a film needs to pack in detail from throughout the film. Therefore the editing will be very fast.

















View the extract from Psyco where Marion (Janet Leigh) has checked into the Bates Motel and is about to take a shower...

scenes at the beginning of a film- as it begins to tell its story- must be long enough for us  to be able to understand where we are and what is going on. It is also slow to introduce the characters. As the film progresses scenes may become shorter as the editing cuts between telling two or more story lines at the same time.
For example- compare the pace in the opening sequence of Casino Royale.

Try to gauge the average length of shot in each sequence.
Cross cutting
To cross-cut is to edit together two sequence that the audience need to know are connected in some way. Something is happening at the same time in different locations. A character reliving a memory.
Developing Drama 
cross cutting can be used to very effectively develop a scene of drama. The death of Casey in the opening of scene of scream is made more dramatic by the cross cutting to her parent approaching and almost making it time to call her.

Task 9 – Non - Continuity

non continuity editing 

Non-Continuity Editing is a style of film making that was made popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Filmmakers such as Jean Luc Godard and Francois Truffaut pushed the limitation of editing techniques and he created a new style, which was called “French New Wave”.

French New Wave films used a editing style which is called Carefree and did not conform to the traditional editing etiquette of Hollywood films. French New Wave films used a editing style which is called Carefree and did not conform to the traditional editing etiquette of Hollywood films.

French New wave editing often drew attention to itself by Lack of Continuity, its Self-Reflexive Nature (reminding the audience that they were watching a film).  Furthermore, they often used material not often related to any narrative, which kept the audience surprised and intrigued.

In the scene A Bout de Soufflé, we see a jump cut, for example when Seberg picks the mirror up and all of a sudden it is gone again. Jump Cut are mostly used to draw attention to something particular, for example the mirror in her hand.

À bout de souffle- breathless 

The gap action (when Seberg picked up the mirror ) is emphasised by the use of a Jump Cut. 

Film were used to help create carefree editing styles because it did not conform the way of editing and was known as Hollywood editing. It got a lot of attention and audience and they think a lot more than normal film did and the audience saw it in a different way. This was called self-reflexive nature. Around this period non-continuity editing became very effective. 

Furthermore, this meant people became more interested at the French director ‘Jean Luc Goddard’ because he created a film that blew people’s mind away ‘A BOUT DE SOUFFLE’. A specific scene involved jump cut and many more, which was when the mirror changed in the clip, the changed of background and lightening. He used this because he want to startle the audience for them to gain attention to a particular part of a scene shot.

Another film was ‘The Shining’ which was created by Stanley Kubrick. He broke the 180 degree editing technique. This was shown when the character’s position was switch around due to the camera angle being changed and moved. However, it is not only old films that uses this technique, modern films still use this technique, For example ‘The Hunger Game’, this was used to show how Katniss felt about the environment she was in. 

Task 8 – Using Continuity Editing Techniques

our continuity editing

In the sequence we made our own continuity editing, we used the continuity editing technique to make our film and added match on action Eye line match, 180 degree rule and shot reverse shot.

Firstly, we were able to use shot reverse shot in between the conversation of two characters, talking about their hobbies.  I believe we were able to use the shot reverse shot perfectly because we were able to show one character face when talking and showed the second character face when talking, therefore it did not confuse the audience when they are watching it therefore, when the audience see's it they will know what’s going on in between each shot.

Secondly, we were able to use Eye line technique action during our filming because in our film shot we see a character seating down doing his work and then, we see the same character turning around immediately, looking at the clock behind him. I think we were able to use this shot really good because we were able to edit each shot very quickly and effectively because in the shot we could see where the character is looking, what he is looking at. Therefore it meant that there wasn't any clashes between our editing.

Furthermore, we were able to use Match on action technique which we used when the character was coming in at the door during our film clip. In our film clip, we see the character walking down the corridor towards the door and then in our other shot we see outside of the door and lastly in our last shot we see the character coming into the classroom and then see the rest of the action inside the classroom. I believe we were able to do this perfectly, which lead to us having a perfect continuity film.

Finally, we were able to use 180 degree when filming during the clip because we made sure character A is always on the right and character B is always on the left at all-time which lead to our film shot becoming continuous. The 180 degree rule which shows that the characters are in the same position they should be in.

In conclusion for each technique we was able to use all of it successfully.

Task 7– Understanding Continuity Editing

continuity editing
Continuity editing is the predominant style of film editing and video editing in the post-production process of filmmaking of narrative films and television programs. The purpose of continuity editing is to smooth over the inherent discontinuity of the editing process and to establish a logical coherence between shots. furthermore, continuity editing is what became known as the popular classical Hollywood styles of editing . It was developed by early European and American directors, in particular DW. Grifith, in his films such as The Birth of a Nation.
The classical styles of continuity editing ensures temporal (time) and spatial (space) continuity as a way of advancing narratives using such techniques as the 180 degree rule match on action, shots, reverse shots.


continuity shots is very important as it helps retain a sense of realistic chronology and generates the feeling that time is moving forward. Continuity editing does not mean you can use a flash back or flash forward, as long the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in an expected or realistic way.

The key continuity technique

Eye line match- the eye line match describe the placement of two particular shots placed together . This technique links two shots together. We see a character working at something off screen and then we cut to a shot of what they are looking at. This allows the audience experience an event in the film just as the character is experiencing it.

match on action
This technique link two shots together. We also see character start an action in one shot, the camera then cuts to a different angle and we see the character finish the action in the second shot. This technique ensures that the action seem like none natural and realistic movement even when the actor may have really performed it twice.

shots, Reverse shots
This techniques links two shots together. The first shot reveals one characters and the second shot reveals the second character , this allows the two characters and realise that they are interacting with each other.
Those who create a film will use this because it will allow the audience feel like the characters are talking to them directly.  If you do not use a shot, reverse shot, the audience might get bored of what you’re filming because there’s only one shot being filmed throughout.

180 degree rule
180- degree rules is a base guideline that state that two characters ( or other element) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passer over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called Crossing the line. Those who are creating a film might use 180 rule because it allows the audience to visually have a connection with what movement that going on around the film characters.